虽说日本从来就没有从形式上沦为殖民地，但是，至少从19世纪50年代起，当载满枪炮的美国轮船逼迫这个国家按西方的条件敞开本国大门开始，日本也对西方的强权有了深刻的体会。

Japan was never formally colonised, but it, too, felt the west's dominance, at least since the 1850s, when American ships laden with heavy guns forced the country to open its borders on western terms.

youdao