隋代及初唐的民间词即是当时的民歌，中唐以来文人词属于诗余性质。
Ci poetry in Sui and early Tang Dyansties were merely folk songs and later became rhymed verses written by poets as subsidiary works since middle Tang.
汉代以来儒家一直控制着国家祈雨的权力，但中唐以后这种知识与权力的结构受到了新的挑战。
Confucians conducted the state's praying for rain since Han, but from middle Tang on, the traditional structure of knowledge and power was challenged.
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