Researches have shown that vicarious trauma mainly results from the personal factors of rescue individuals and the specific environmental factors.

已有研究表明，替代性创伤的成因主要与救援者个人自身因素以及特定的环境因素有关；

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A spokesman said: 'Our vicarious trauma workshops were designed for researchers whose work involved traumatic situations such as conflict zones, and whose own safety may have been in jeopardy.

发言人称：“我们的替代式创伤咨询是为那些研究领域涉及战争冲突区等地的痛苦场景，可能危及自身心理健康的研究人员设计准备的。”

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But vicarious trauma goes beyond that, said Dr. Frank Ochberg, former associate director of the National Institute of Mental Health.

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Some people who are subject to vicarious trauma actually see the crash scene in the media and actively put themselves in the scenario.

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The symptoms of vicarious trauma -- stress, social withdrawal, sensitization to televised violence -- are not enough to make people violent themselves, said Barbara Rothbaum, director of the Trauma and Anxiety Recovery Program at Emory Medical School.

CNN: Treating trauma victims may cause its own trauma