This paper studied the trading strategy of an informed trader to maximize his final wealth under the condition of trading fee and interest rate.

研究了在交易费用和利率的条件下，知情交易者为获取最大期末财富所采取的指令提交策略。

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Transport fuels will probably be approached with some sort of tax or fee; industrial emissions will be tackled with regulation and possibly, later on, carbon trading.

运输燃料可能会征税或者加收额外费用；对于工业排放会出台相关法规，可能不久后也会采用碳排放交易的办法。

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The surge in trading volumes is also significant; at every stage the finance industry takes a cut in the form of a bid-offer spread, a fee or a commission.

交易量也显著上升； 在每一个阶段，金融业都会以买卖差价、费用或佣金的形式来削减。

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This all-in cost includes mutual fund expense ratios, trading costs and adviser fee.

FORBES: Dirt-Cheap Adviser Needed

Credit Suisse First Boston, Warburg Dillon Read and Merrill Lynch: all have, of late, curtailed their reliance on trading in favour of fee-based income such as advice on mergers, which are booming (see chart).

ECONOMIST: The trader��s lament

However, the expense ratio does not include the last type of fee -- trading costs.

CNN: Hidden fees are eating up your 401(k)s