There are studies of bottom-up models, top-down models, the interactive model, and schemata theory in reading experienced.

阅读理论的研究主要经历了自下而上阅读模式，自上而下模式，交互阅读模式以及图式理论。

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The to-be process models form the basis of the top-down process decomposition technique.

“将来”的流程模型构成了自顶向下的流程分解技术的基础。

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This means that the Industry Models tend to follow neither a top-down nor bottom-up approach.

这意味着行业模型趋向于既不遵守自顶向下，也不遵循自底向上的方法。

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The models take a top-down view of risks within a firm, looking at all markets simultaneously.

ECONOMIST: A new approach to financial risk