By contrast, the evidence of the Tokyo-Osaka route is of continuing, ever heavier industrial investment.

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The original Tokyo-Osaka shinkansen, serving the largest and most stable demand in the world, soon became profitable despite the huge investment.

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The country has been forced to deal with environmental issues not only because the Japanese care about nature, but also because they increasingly live in ever-closer quarters in Tokyo, Osaka and a handful of other big cities.

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