For a long time biologists believed that male deer used buck rubs not only to clean and polish antlers but also to provide practice for the ensuing male-to-male combat during the rut.

长期以来，生物学家们认为雄鹿擦痕不仅可以清除并磨光鹿茸，还可以借此练习发情期时雄鹿之间的角斗。

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Since at least Darwin time, biologists have been trying to understand and define the mechanisms for speciation.

至少从达尔文时代开始，生物学家就一直在试图理解和定义物种形成的机制。

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The fishermen know the approximate time of year when they will be allowed to fish, but on any given day, one or more field biologists in a particular area can put a halt to fishing.

渔民们知道一年中允许捕捞的大概时间段，但是在某些日子，一个地区可能有一个或多个实地生物学家中止捕鱼活动。

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The last time I checked with biologists, philosophers and even politicians on both sides of the debates about abortion, stem cell research and cloning, they were pretty certain human individuals were defined by two sets of chromosomes (half from the male, half from the female) which were arranged in the one-celled zygote after fertilization.

FORBES: Biologist Asserts Your Life Began...Before Fertilization.

His idea, ahead of its time, was greeted with a yawn by biologists.

FORBES: Health

The result is that biologists can study the expression of many different genes at the same time, a technique spectacularly illustrated last year by a group of researchers at Harvard who produced what they called brainbows.

ECONOMIST: The 2008 Nobel science prizes