...、英国医学杂志等）上的临床研究，并随机选择106项进行分析，结果发现其中62项研究明确指出研究用替代指标（surrogate outcome）作为首要研究目标，仅38项研究探讨了替代结果的有效性。
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Surrogate succession is an outcome of multiple transfers of estate interests in the process of succession evolving from the institution of bequeath in the Roman law.
后位继承是遗产利益在继承过程中需要发生多次转移的产物，自罗马法的遗赠制度逐渐演化而来。
Admission to intensive care unit (ICU) was the secondary outcome measure and a surrogate measure of morbidity.
次要指标为入住重症监护病房(icu)，并将此作为发病率的替代指标。
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