In China, the transfer of surplus labor in rural areas is a permanent and arduous task.

中国农村剩余劳动力转移是一项长久艰巨的任务。

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Migrant workers are the surplus labor in rural areas move to cities, and working in urban areas.

农民工是农村中的剩余劳动力向城市转移，并在城市务工的农民。

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The flow of surplus labor of Chinas rural areas brings the society a series of external diseconomy in the promotion of industrialization and urbanization.

农村富余劳动力流动在推动工业化、城市化进程的同时，给社会带来一系列的外部不经济。

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Unlike the manufacturing industry in the West that gave birth to a middle class of both white-collar and blue-collar workers, manufacturers in China mostly absorb surplus labor from rural areas with few skills.

FORBES: The Myth Of China's Manufacturing Power