Private-sector productivity has soared in the West over the past quarter-century, even in old industries such as steel and carmaking.

过去二十五年来，西方国家私人部门的生产力突飞猛进，即使像钢铁和汽车制造这样的老旧工业也不例外。

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Joint ventures are common in fields such as carmaking, logistics and agriculture.

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In its wake foreign firms piled into industries such as consumer goods and carmaking, drawn by a big pool of labour and customers.

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Both reckon the future for European carmaking lies in places such as Slovakia and Romania, where labour costs are low.

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