Elasticity of substitution — a measure of the degree to which two factor inputs complement or substitute for one another in production.

弹性代换——产品中的两个因素投入产品中相互补充或是代替的衡量度数。

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The symptom checklist 90(SCL 90) and neurobehavior evaluation system(NES C2) were used to measure the mood state, mental arithmetic, symbol substitution and visual retention factors.

应用SCL- 90量表及神经行为测试系统（NES- C2 ）测量舰员与学员出海前后的情感状态、心算、符号译码、视觉保留等因子。

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This paper introduces two methods to measure the internal resistance of electric meters, the one is the substitution method and the other is the half range method.

介绍测量表头内阻的两种方法：一为替代法，一为半量程法。

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The long term effects are going to be greater than the short (because of capital substitution) but how we would measure those no one is really sure.

FORBES: Overestimating The Effect Of A Minimum Wage Rise

Ledley hobbled off with an ankle injury in the last minute of Cardiff's 2-0 friendly defeat to Valencia on Saturday - but his substitution was said to be a precautionary measure.

BBC: Ledley urged to rethink contract

While the CPI at one time was the measure desired by the public, government efforts turned the CPI away from measuring the price changes in a fixed-weight basket of goods and services to a quasi-substitution-based basket of goods, which destroyed the concept of the CPI as a measure of the cost of living of maintaining a constant standard of living.

FORBES: CPI Inflation Rate Calculator (Experienced vs. Reported)