And in the end, when it's at equilibrium, and you look and you'd make a measurement, right, you could do spectroscopy.

当他处于平衡状态的时候，你可以做测量，比方说做光谱分析。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

What we're going to start with is discussing photoelectron spectroscopy, which is a spectroscopy technique that will give us some information about energy levels in multielectron atoms.

首先，我们将讨论,光电子能谱，通过这种技术,我们能够得到多电子原子的能级信息。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

And, subsequently, we looked at photoelectron spectroscopy which is a technique that allows us to determine binding energies, ionization energies being just one example.

随后，我们看了光电子谱,这是一种只用一个样品,能够测量结合能，离子化能的技术。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选