Among expenditure taxes, a flat tax-rate on final goods is less distortive than a panoply of excise taxes since it affects spending decisions less.

对于支出税来说，对最终商品平均征税要比多次征收消费税更好，这是因为它对于消费决定的影响更小。

youdao

The Thermic Effect of food is defined as: the increment in energy expenditure above resting metabolic rate due to the cost of processing food for storage and use.

食物热效应的定义是：机体摄入食物过程中，机体能量代谢比基础代谢增高的部分。

youdao

Housing related expenses amongst which interest rate payments are an important part of households overall expenditure.

在偿还利息中与住房相关的费用，是家庭总开支的一个重要组成部分。

youdao

We also know that smoking is a thermogenic agent, meaning that nicotine raises the rate of energy expenditure, metabolic rate.

NPR: Study Offers New Insights into Obesity

Under the new law this group is to make recommendations to Congress on how to reduce the rate of growth in spending per head in Medicare if that expenditure exceeds a target figure.

ECONOMIST: Health reform in America

In its latest World Economic Outlook, the IMF identifies four reasons: China's exchange rate, its terms of trade, global spending and China's own investment expenditure.

ECONOMIST: Exports