所得的拓扑称为在商集合 X/~ 上的商拓扑（quotient topology）。 等价地，商拓扑可以如下方式刻画：设 q : X → X/~ 是投影映射，将 X 的任何元素映为它的等价类。
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The Relation Between Elevation of Equivalence Relation, Elevation of Distance, Hypertopology, Quotient topology and Topological Entropy.
等价关系和距离的提升与超拓扑，商拓扑，拓扑熵间的关系。
In this paper, we introduce the concept of compact quotient mapping and compact quotient topology, discuss systematically their basic properties and establish some interesting results.
引进了紧商映射与紧商拓扑的概念，系统地讨论了它们的性质，得到若干有趣的结果。
A hybrid algorithm for topology optimization of trusses with discrete variables is developed which combines relative difference quotient algorithm with chaos optimization.
将相对差商法和混沌优化结合起来，形成求解离散变量桁架结构拓扑优化设计的混合算法。
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