The anaemia develops in those whose red blood cells contain a particular type of haemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen.

贫血症发于那些红血球中含有一种特殊的血红蛋白，其蛋白质中含有氧气的人。

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The mutation itself is in a gene for a nerve-cell protein of a type known as an ion channel.

变异的基因是编码一种叫做离子通道的神经细胞蛋白质。

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Whether this kind of cow-milk protein consumption is a cause of type 1 diabetes is not known, but it would be prudent for a nursing mother to avoid cow-milk in her diet. 17.

这样摄取的牛奶蛋白是否会导致1型糖尿病尚不清楚，但哺乳的母亲要谨慎避免食用牛奶。

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The physical manifestations of the disease that Alois Alzheimer noticed in 1906 are sticky plaques of one type of protein, now known as beta-amyloid, and nerve-cell-engulfing tangles of a second type, called tau protein.

ECONOMIST: Alzheimer's disease

With the help of Chiara Cirelli, who also works at the University of Wisconsin, Dr Tononi has created a mutant fruit fly that sleeps only two or three hours a night. (A normal fly sleeps between eight and 14 hours.) The mutation itself is in a gene for a nerve-cell protein of a type known as an ion channel.

ECONOMIST: Memory formation

Specifically, she used antibodies to a particular type of the protein, known as collagen I, that had been extracted from chickens.

ECONOMIST: Some 68m-year-old evidence that birds are dinosaurs