In presidential systems, the top politician is held directly and separately accountable by voters, limiting their profligacy.

ECONOMIST: Perks of the presidency

Messrs Persson and Tabellini argue that presidential systems may encourage thrift because they are more competitive than parliamentary ones.

ECONOMIST: Perks of the presidency

Debates rage over whether to scrap the old constitutions immediately or to reform them temporarily, whether to push for early elections or hold off until rules are set and the playing field levelled, and whether to opt for presidential or parliamentary political systems.

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