General statutory measures that purport to deal with "administrative law" define the scope of their application in terms of three concerns: the procedures employed by "agencies" in effecting "agency action"; judicial (and, to a lesser extent, political) review of those actions; and special procedures relating to the handling and release of information in the government's possession. Neither a court nor a legislature nor an elected chief executive can be an "agency" under these statutes, although the relationship of courts, legislatures and chief executives with agencies is very much a matter of administrative law concern. Otherwise the concept includes virtually every administrative unit exercising public authority. "Agency action" is also embracively defined. While the provisions of administrative procedure legislation generally deal with the relatively formal procedures of adjudication and rulemaking, as discussed below, federal "agency action" includes any grant, denial, or failure to act upon "the application or petition of, and beneficial to, a person"; under the most recent draft of model state administrative procedure legislation, "agency action" includes "an agency's performance of, or failure to perform, any ... duty, function, or activity, discretionary or otherwise." Again, the category is virtually as broad as the field of public administration; only traditional criminal law proceedings, traditional civil litigation, and political acts in the strict sense, those indisputably beyond the control of law, are excluded.
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Neither party shall be liable to the other for failure to perform or delay in the performance of its obligations caused by any circumstances beyond its reasonable control.
因任何无法控制的情形导致义务没有履行或者延迟履行,任何一方不需要对另一方承担责任。
Force majeure: Either party shall not be held responsible for failure or delay to perform all or any part of this agreement due to natural disasters, war or any other events of force majeure.
不可抗力:任何一方由于自然灾害、战争或其他不可抗力事件导致的不能履约或延迟履约,该方不负责任。
Default 1. The failure to promptly pay interest or principal when due. 2. The failure to perform on a futures contract as required by an exchange.
违约,未能履行合约1。未能在到期时准时还本付息2。未能根据交易所要求履行期货合约。
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