A differential arithmetic is proposed for simplifying the observational equation as well as for avoiding the computation of the unknown integer constant.

提出相邻历元间差分算法，大大简化了观测方程，同时避免积分常量的计算。

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When the observational equation is under the hypothesis on singularity and a solution of the lemma exists, we show that there exists a minimal order filter.

当量测方程奇异假设条件成立及引理有解时，本文证明了最小阶奇异滤波器必定存在。

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The second part shows GPS observational equation, the corresponding error sources, the characteristics of errors and the essential methods for error processing.

第二是有关GPS观测方程和相关误差产生的原因，分析了误差的特点和处理的基本方法。

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Nissen has said that observational data needs to be in the safety equation, but also favors big trials--he is conducting one, paid for by Pfizer, that will compare the heart safety of Celebrex, naproxen, and ibuprofen.

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