An MFI officer arrived, along with the villagehead and the four other members of her mother's "jointliabilitygroup" -fellow villagers who had taken collective responsibility for the debt.
German savings banks and mutual banks are used to the idea of mutualised guarantees: they have formed joint-liability groupings, which vouch for the solvency of each bank in their group.
Khalid and his four brothers inherited NCB upon their father's death in 1994, and a 21% stake was sold to a group of private investors when the bank morphed from an unlimited liability private partnership into a joint stock company.