Studies show that consumers in Anglo-Saxon economies cut their spending by less when they suffer temporary shocks to their income than those in countries with less sophisticated financial systems.

研究显示，与那些金融市场欠发达的国家相比，盎格鲁-萨克逊经济中的消费者在面对收入的暂时性冲击时削减支出的幅度要更小。

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They are also pushing the logic of economies of scale into sophisticated services that have traditionally been dominated by professionals who have little interest in efficiency gains.

同样，规模经济的概念也被植入了向来被对效率增益鲜有兴趣的专业工作者所掌控着的尖端服务业。

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Decisions had to be made on the basis of unreliable data from a sophisticated industrial economy: government statistics in emerging-market economies are often even more unreliable, making the IMF's job that much more difficult.

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Since the 1980's, emerging market economies, like those of China and Russia, have become increasingly sophisticated in the way they finance their respective governments and affiliated companies -- transitioning from reliance on syndicated commercial bank loans and Western government funding vehicles to the private capital markets (i.e. the issuance of stocks and bonds).

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His spending program, known locally as the Economic Transformation Plan, is a bid to drag Malaysia out of the so-called middle-income trap, which forces many emerging economies to compete with each other in producing cheap exports instead of developing more-sophisticated, value-added products.

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