The “little Albert” study, besides being cruel, was badly designed. Watson did not control it carefully to rule out a wide range of possible interpretations. In later decades, other scientists got much more rigorous in their study of fear, in many cases turning to rats rather than people as their test subjects. In a typical experiment, a rat was placed in a cage with a light. At first the light came on a few times so the animal could get accustomed to it. Later the scientists would turn on the light and then give the rats a little electric shock. After a few rounds, the rats would respond fearfully to the light, even if no shock came.
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In a typical experiment, a rat was placed in a cage with a light.
在其中一项典型实验中，一只白老鼠被放入有一束光照射的笼子中。
In a typical experiment in social psychology, for example, a subject is misled about the aims of the study to see how he reacts under pressure.
例如，在一个社会心理学的典型实验中，研究人员通过误导受试对象对学习目标的认识来研究他如何应对压力。
In one fairly typical experiment, subjects were induced to cheat while performing a task, then were interviewed and observed.
在一个相当典型的实验中，受试者在执行任务时被诱导作弊，然后接受采访和观察。
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