By the 5th century, the horse collar (pictured above), which allows the horse to push with its shoulders, was developed.

到了公元5世纪，马项圈(见图)出现了，这使得马可以用肩力拉车。

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The invention of the horse collar in the middle ages led to major changes in agricultural methods and was as much a technological advance as the invention of the Bessemer furnace centuries later.

中世纪发明的马轭导致了耕种方法的重大变革，它与几世纪后发明的贝西默鼓风炉一样是重大的技术进步。

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Despite the excessive chrome, early Catalinas had graceful lines; later models would feature oversize horse-collar grilles.

尽管车身使用了过多的镀铬，但早期的卡特琳娜轿跑的线条仍然十分优雅。后期的版本则以马蹄形散热格栅为主要特点。

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Critics compared the model's most distinctive styling element, a vertical grille with a large oval in the center, to a horse collar or a car sucking a lemon.

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Technical advances that helped self-sufficient farming communities to be more productive became more widely adopted across Europe and this led to the development of the horse-collar, allowing more efficient haulage and plowing, the horse shoe, the mouldboard plough, allowing the cultivation of heavier northern European soils and a widespread adoption of water power in the form of water mills and tidal mills.

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In 2005, the league banned the practice of tackling a player by using his shoulder pads, a move commonly referred to as a "horse-collar" tackle, after concluding it commonly resulted in injury.

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