Germany entered the single currency handicapped, they say, by a strong D-mark and the cost of unification.
欧元开始使用时,德国也存在问题,包括德国马克货币的强挺和统一的代价。
Germany was at the scheme's heart: currencies were officially pegged to each other in a complex grid of bilateral rates but all were, in effect, tied to the D-mark.
德国是这个计划的核心:各货币在一个复杂的双边利率框架中被正式联系在一起,实则被绑定到德国马克上。
Germany has done pretty well with cars, machines and chemicals, medium-tech products as measured by the share of turnover invested in research and development (R&D).
在汽车,机械和化工品方面,如果人们用研发在投资收益比中所占的份额来衡量这些中等技术产品,德国的表现历来都很好。
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