The further cataclysm that gave Raeder his burning, hard-eyed religion was the dying days of the war, when the German Navy was ordered out to sea-and men mutinied.

接下来考验雷德尔坚定意志的是战争快要结束前那些垂死挣扎的日子，德国海军士兵拒绝接受命令出海作战。

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The city was home to the Western Approaches Command, which co-ordinated the effort to protect merchant shipping from the German navy in World War II.

BBC: Liverpool Battle of Atlantic anniversary events planned

In 1916 Chaim Weizmann, who later became Israel's first president, worked out how to use chestnuts to solve the lack of acetone, a component of the cordite needed by the British navy to repel German U-boat attacks in the first world war.

ECONOMIST: The Atlantic Ocean

In the second world war Mr Spilhaus had been called in when the American navy was puzzled, and indeed desperate, because German submarines were eluding its warships after apparently being detected by sonar.

ECONOMIST: Athelstan Spilhaus