"RAILROADS and telegraphs needed the modern corporation and semiconductors and software needed venture capital," says Gary Pisano.

加里匹萨诺：“铁路和电信业曾需要现代管理方式，半导体和软件业曾需要风险投资”。

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Harvard Business School professor Gary Pisano doubts the reorg will make a giant difference.

FORBES: Magazine Article

But that "is a complete myth, " says Harvard Business School professor Gary Pisano.

FORBES: Magazine Article

Data suggest neither big pharmas nor small biotechs have been especially productive, although (as Gary Pisano has shown) pharmas appear to have worse statistics because they have to eat the cost of failures, while small companies tend to disappear, and thus their costs are often not included in productivity calculations.

FORBES: Strategy: Why Big Pharmas Do What They Do -- And How Silicon Valley Might Help Them Think Differently