then the hard and soft palates, uvula, and oropharynx are viewed. The patient is asked to extend the tongue as far as possible, exposing the dorsum, and to move the extended tongue as far as possible to each side, so that its posterolateral surfaces can be seen. If a patient does not extend the tongue far enough for the circumvallate papillae to be seen, the examiner uses a gauze pad to grasp the tip of the tongue and extend it to the desired position. The tongue is then raised to view the ventral surface and the floor of the mouth. The teeth and gingivae should be viewed.

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