The European Spring of 1848 and the Arab Spring of 2011

第一章 1848年欧洲的春天与2011年阿拉伯的春天

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European scientists have been collecting and testing samples for the WNS fungus from bats across Europe since last spring.

自去年春季开始，欧洲科学家就着手收集和检验欧洲蝙蝠身上的白鼻综合症真菌样品。

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Through this letter, France and Germany intend to contribute to the preparation of the spring European Council and enable the Europeans to speak with a single voice in the run-up to the G20.

写这封信，法国和德国是意欲为欧盟春季理事会的准备工作作出贡献，让整个欧洲在 G20 集团峰会上同声共气。

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Although there was no single cause for this European Spring, a variety of radical changes in society, from technology to food shortages to the beginnings of the rise of a middle class, seemed to coalesce into widespread revolt and dissatisfaction with ruling governments.

FORBES: The Arab Spring -- Energy And The Road To Democracy?

Demographic causes and consequences of the industrial revolution, by Julian L. Simon, in The Journal of European Economic History, spring 1994.

ECONOMIST: Millennium issue

European refineries will come back on line after their usual late-winter and spring maintenance, and weak European economies are expected to gain strength.

WSJ: Rising Demand for Oil Spells More Price Pain