The low levels of energy conversion (0.1%-1.0% ) attained by native vegetation or under ordinary agricultural conditions are because of limiting environmental factors---lack of water, low or high temperatures, deficiencies of inorganic nutrients, pests (weeds, fungi, bacteria, rats), faulty seeds, poor cultural practices. By improving farming practices，especially irrigation and fertilization, energy conversion (and crop yield) can be improved 10-fold to 20-fold.

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