Turkish sultan (1808-1839) who despite able leadership was unable to prevent further disintegration of the Ottoman Empire.

土耳其苏丹(1808 - 1839年)，尽管他有杰出的领导才能，仍然未能阻止奥斯曼帝国的进一步瓦解。

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Part of the Turkish Ottoman empire from the 16th century, Algeria was conquered by the French in 1830 and was given the status of a "departement".

BBC: Algeria profile

They also opened in Syria, especially in the cosmopolitan city of Aleppo, and then in Istanbul, the capital of the vast Ottoman Turkish Empire, in 1554.

BBC: Coffee and qahwa: How a drink for Arab mystics went global

Regarding the latter, the progressive, centuries-long, gradual decline of Islam as a dominant force and civilization reached its nadir in 1924, when Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) simultaneously did away with the Caliphate and the Ottoman Empire by overnight transforming the latter into a secular Turkish republic.

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