The formation of sea ice causes the concentration of salt in surface waters to increase; less sea ice would mean a smaller increase in the concentration of salt.

海冰的形成导致表水中盐的浓度增加；海冰的减少意味着盐浓度的增加幅度较小。

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The forward movement, the melting at the base of the glacier where it meets the ocean, and waves and tidal action cause blocks of ice to break off and float out to sea.

冰川的向前移动，其底部与海洋接触处的融化，还有波浪和潮汐运动，导致冰块断裂，漂浮到海上。

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'Geo-engineering plans to inject stratospheric aerosols or to seed clouds would act to cool the planet, and act to increase the extent of sea ice,' says Rasch.

拉施说：“地球工程计划将平流层的气溶胶注入到云层中，这将起到冷却地球的作用，并增加海冰的范围。”

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One of the scientists says the past six years have shown the lowest Arctic sea ice cover ever measured.

VOA: special.2009.05.05

The center says September Arctic sea ice is decreasing at a rate of more than eleven percent every ten years.

VOA: special.2009.10.27

The amount of ice cover and its thickness are two measures of the health of the Arctic Sea.

VOA: special.2009.05.05

The best hope lies in trying to identify the broader changes under way - for example with the retreat of the Arctic sea-ice or the cycle of warming in the Pacific Ocean with El Nino and La Nina.

BBC: Predicting the next big flood

But walking across the dark volcanic rocks with the snow cone of Mt Erebus behind and the sound of penguins braying along the sea ice of the sound, it is easy to imagine yourself transported back to the early years of the last century, for this is a timeless landscape.

BBC: In the footsteps of Shackleton

The warmth in the Arctic that this arrangement has brought may diminish the regeneration of sea ice over the course of this winter, meaning that next summer's sun can push back the boundaries further.

ECONOMIST: Britain��s cold snap is explained by the Arctic oscillation