Despite its extent and importance, the nature of the cryosphere makes it difficult to visit, study and understand.

虽然冰冻层范围广，影响力大，但受限于其特性，人类很难直接去访问，研究和了解。

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Climate scientists commonly use so-called global Circulation Models (GCMs) that simulate the atmosphere, oceans, cryosphere and biosphere at a global scale, Easterbrook said.

伊斯特布鲁克说，气象学家们通常使用的是所谓的“全球环流模型”，在这个模型可以模拟全球范围的大气层、洋流、低温层和生物圈。

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As an important part of underlying surface, cryosphere is in the process of continuous interaction with atmosphere.

冰冻圈作为下垫面的一个重要组成部分，与大气处于不断的相互作用过程中。

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Once ice is discharged from a grounded ice sheet into the ocean, it has an immediate impact on sea level, even though it remains part of the cryosphere until it subsequently melts.

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Details appear in the academic journal The Cryosphere.

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