This is eroded from the reefs that typically circle the islands and pushed up onto the islands by winds, waves and currents.

这些残骸在岛屿周围的礁石上腐烂，然后被风、波浪和洋流推向岛屿。

youdao

The surge then acts as an elevated platform on which the winds of the storm whip up waves that can be reach much higher than usual.

BBC: Legacy of Britain's great flood

But she crossed the tail end of Hurricane Lenny, a storm that whipped up 6m (20-foot) waves and winds of 20 knots.

BBC: First woman rows the Atlantic