Under the Roman Empire, Alexandria remained the most important city and Memphis remained the second city of Egypt until the establishment of Fustat (or Fostat) in 641.

在罗马大帝统治时期，亚历山大城成为埃及最重要的城市，孟斐斯位列第二，直到641年福斯塔城（Fustat或 Fostat）的建立。

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It was also an affirmation of Glasgow's industrially-based rise to a commercial prominence whereby it could justly claim to be the second city of the British Empire after London.

格拉斯哥艺术也见证了格拉斯哥从新兴工业城市向商业城市的变迁。就商业繁华的程度而言，当时的格拉斯可当之无愧称之为继伦敦后英帝国的第二大城市。

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Gray was writing in the late 70s and early 1980s when the former second city of the empire was reaching its economic and social nadir.

BBC: How Glasgow conquered the art world