The binding of ligands to proteins occurs mostly through weak non-covalent interactions, namely hydrophobic interaction, van der Waals forces, and hydrogen bonding.
蛋白和配体间的作用通常是通过弱非共价键力的相互作用而实现的，如疏水作用、范德华力和氢键。
Conjugation can be, for example, by genetic fusion with the coat protein, or binding via covalent, non-covalent or affinity means.
所述接合可以(例如)通过与外壳蛋白的基因融合来实现，或者通过共价、非共价或亲和方式结合来实现。
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