负协同效应（negative cooperative effect）： 别构酶结合一分子底物或调节物后，酶的构象发生改变， 这种新的构象不利于后续的底物或调节物与酶的结合。
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When the people are enjoying the convenient what the cooperative learning based on network has brought, some questions existing in it are taking the negative effect to learner too.
但是在人们享受着基于网络的合作学习带来的便捷的同时，其本身存在的一些问题也给学习者带来了负面影响。
And the discrepancy of the resource also has negative effect on the cooperative effect.
伙伴企业间投入资源的差异大小对合作效应还有反向的影响作用；
On the contrary, contract-based alliance has negative effect on technological cooperative effect.
相反，契约式联盟结构对于技术合作效应有反向影响。
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