凡勃伦认为炫耀性消费有两种动机：一是歧视性对比（invidious comparison），指财富水平较高的阶层通过炫耀性消费来力争区别于财富水平较低的阶层；二是金钱竞赛（pecuniary emulation），指财富水平较低的...
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The excesses of Castro's apparatchiks during the cold war pale in comparison to the invidious exploits of the Boligarchs.
与这些精英们招人怨恨的业绩相比，卡斯特罗在冷战期间过分的改造不禁黯然失色。
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Willy is defined by the spirit of competition and by its corollary, invidious comparison.
NEWYORKER: Lives in Limbo
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