The distribution cost comprises four items: fixed costs, transportation costs, inventory holding costs and backordering costs in the supply chain.

供应链分销系统的成本主要由固定成本、运输成本、存货成本和缺货成本组成。

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The problem is formulated as expected value model, and the objective function is to minimize the setup costs, production costs and inventory holding costs.

以油田措施增产最大化为目标，兼顾成本、工作量等目标，建立了油田措施规划的模糊期望值模型，并给出了模型的混合智能算法。

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It also decreases costs of holding inventory.

同时也降低了库存费用。

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Market makers, just like any wholesaler or retailer, incur inventory holding costs.

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