The whole unmet demand is lost. The retailers must pay the inventory holding cost and the cost of lost-sales when OOS happens.

认为所有未满足的需求销售机会都丢失，零售商既要支付库存持有费用，又要支付缺货损失费用。

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The distribution cost comprises four items: fixed costs, transportation costs, inventory holding costs and backordering costs in the supply chain.

供应链分销系统的成本主要由固定成本、运输成本、存货成本和缺货成本组成。

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Interest rates are so low today that the cost of holding larger inventory is small.

FORBES: Art and the Economics of Production to Order, for Inventory, or Something In Between

"The only reason we sell is to fuel our ability to buy, " says David's son Helly, 29, who runs a gallery in the posh Carlyle Hotel on Madison Avenue. (Helly's cousin, also named Helly Nahmad after their grandfather Hillel in the Sephardic Jewish tradition, runs a gallery in London.) And while there is a cost to holding that inventory, the family's currency business helps support their art strategy.

FORBES: The Art of the Deal

The cost benefits of holding down inventory levels are just too compelling.

FORBES: Supply Chain Lessons From Japan