Two kinds of fair exchange protocols, gradual exchange protocols and third party protocols are discussed.
研究了逐步交换协议和异步第三方协议；
Accountability is one of main properties that security electronic commerce protocols must satisfy. Optimistic fair exchange protocols are important electronic commerce protocols.
可追究性是安全电子商务协议必须遵循的重要原则之一，乐观公平交换协议是一类重要的电子商务协议。
The other aspect is on the practical application of secure protocols, including electronic auction, electronic voting, fair exchange, privacy preserving data mining, etc.
另一方面，则是针对实际应用的安全协议研究，包括电子拍卖、电子选举、公平交换、基于隐私的数据查询等。
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