Second, a convex distribution model for the price is proposed. The formulae are given respectively for the expectation price, the variance of the price and the income.

其次，提出了价格的凸分布模型，并给出了期望价格，价格的方差和期望收益的计算公式。

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Presentation, price, good marketing, great service – it all leads to an expectation of quality.

外观、价格、良好的营销、一流的服务-这一切导致了对质量的期望。

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He adds that the only thing pushing prices higher is the expectation of price appreciation, which in turn sucks in more liquidity.

他补充到，推高股价的唯一方式，就是预期价格升值，从而吸入更多的流动性。

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Shorting is when an investor borrows a stock sells it on the expectation the price will fall, and then buys it back at a later date, at a lower price, and returns it.

BBC: Short selling 'fundamental part of an efficient market'

That allows for price expectation influences, he said.

FORBES: Gold Should Break $1,600, Silver Near $50 by Year End --GFMS' Newman

But if one year only delivers 35% growth with a lowered expectation, the stock price can drop dramatically.

FORBES: Your Portfolio Needs Rebalancing