As a key professional specialty course of electronic information technology, program-controlled exchange has been set up at various colleges and universities generally.

程控交换技术作为电子信息类专业重要专业课程，已在各高校普遍开设。

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There exist challenges in applying formal techniques to electronic contract signing protocols, which are not encountered in the analysis of key exchange and authentication protocols.

与密钥分发和认证协议相比，电子合同签订协议的形式化分析遇到了新的挑战。

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This paper discusses the designed target, followed rules, data models and key points about spatial data exchange format which is based XML and will be used in electronic government.

本文讨论电子政务中基于XML的空间数据交换格式的设计目标、遵循原则、数据模型和矢量数据交换格式中的关键点。

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