Ever since then, hundreds of academic papers have been published to improve the efficiency and security of e-cash constructions - to name a few.

从那时起，已发表了数以百计的学术论文试图改善例如电子货币构造的效率和安全的问题。

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To prevent e-cash from double-spending and unlimited increase in the records of databases, an improved offline e-cash system based on elliptic curve cryptography was proposed.

为防止电子现金重复花费和数据库记录无限制的膨胀问题，改进了现有的利用椭圆曲线密码系统构造的离线电子现金系统。

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Finally, we look into the future of e-cash technology.

最后对电子现金技术的未来进行展望。

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Second, unlike Yale, each year most investors relied on liquidity, i.e. cash, to pay taxes.

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Such transfers will soon be achievable in hours, if not minutes, with very low transaction charges, thanks to e-cash and the like.

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Powerful interests -- Microsoft, credit card concerns, banks -- are betting billions that zapping around e-cash will be as commonplace as sticking a card in an ATM.

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