The exchange rates for other foreign currencies were based on the rates of RMB against the US dollar and cross-exchange rates of other foreign currency on the international market.

其他外国货币对人民币的汇率则根据人民币对美元的汇率及国际市场其他外国货币之间的汇率计算。

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James Tobin, an American economist, first proposed a tax on cross-border capital flows in 1972, amid the collapse of the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates.

ECONOMIST: The Tobin tax: Roasting an old chestnut | The