The cost of penalty includes economic cost and social cost.

它包括刑罚的经济成本和刑罚的社会成本。

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San Diego's municipal code, for instance, requires property owners to maintain landscape and vegetation standards—or face a penalty equivalent to the cost of hiring a private contractor to do so.

例如，圣地亚哥的市政法规要求业主保持景观和植被的标准，否则将面临相当于雇佣私人承包商的罚款。

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San Diego's municipal code, for instance, requires property owners to maintain landscape and vegetation standards—or face a penalty equivalent to the cost of hiring a private contractor to do so.

例如，圣地亚哥的市政法规要求业主保持景观和植被的标准，否则将面临与雇佣私人承包商来这样做成本相当的罚款。

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Recent studies of the federal death penalty system reveal that the average cost of defending a capital case are at least eight times those for defense of a non-death penalty case.

FORBES: Book Notes: A Citizen's Guide to Capital Punishment

Many of the big changes coming next year won't touch them as directly as individual consumers and small businesses, though some will have to grapple with the cost of covering more workers or paying a penalty.

WSJ: Health Insurers Warn on Premiums

It also increases the cost of complying with the law as taxpayers seeking to avoid the penalty reach out to their tax advisors to compute the amount of each quarterly payment.

FORBES: California taps highest income taxpayers for more revenue