Based on the density functional theory, the first principles calculation was performed to investigate the bulk, surface copper and the diffusion in the copper thin film.

本文应用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理赝势法，较系统地研究了铜体相和表面相，以及锂离子在铜薄膜中的扩散行为。

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The most effective material for thin-film photovoltaics so far is copper indium gallium selenide (known as CIGS).

目前为止，光电薄膜最有效的材质是铜铟硒化镓（CIGS）。

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Other companies, notably Heliovolt and Nanosolar, are in a race to make thin-film panels using copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) cells.

其它一些公司，诸如heliovolt以及Nanosolar，也在用铜铟镓硒(CIGS)电池来参与这场薄膜电池竞赛。

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Nanosolar is one of several Silicon Valley startups that have attracted billions of dollars in venture capital to develop a thin-film technology called copper indium gallium selenide, or CIGS. Such solar cells use little expensive silicon, the main ingredient of conventional photovoltaic cells.

FORBES: Nanosolar Snares a Gigawatt in Orders for its Thin-Film Solar Panels

IBM's approach is based on a process developed by IBM Research to crank out so-called thin-film solar cells based on copper, indium, gallium and selenide.

FORBES: Intel, IBM Get Solar Exposure

The three main types of thin film technologies use cadmium-telluride, copper-indium-gallium-selenide and amorphous-silicon to convert sunlight into electricity.

FORBES: First Solar Struggles Amid Decline Of Thin-Film Solar Market