The affect of bound electrons to optical constants of metal films is also analysed.

本文还分析了束缚态电子对金属膜光学常数的影响。

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In superconductors, the bosons are the pairs of bound electrons that form at the Fermi surface.

在超导体中，玻色子是在费密表面形成的束缚态电子对。

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This is possible because the metal oxide chains contain weakly bound electrons which can hop along them.

这可能是由于其中的金属氧化物链对电子的束缚能力很弱，使其中电子可以自由移动。

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The inner electrons are so tightly bound that they are for all intents and purposes, immobilized when it comes to reactivity.

内部电子被紧紧地束缚着,因此无论怎样，当进行反应时，它都是固定的。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

They are good electron donors because the electrons aren't tightly bound.

它们是很好的电子给体,因为电子没有被牢固地束缚。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

So, that means the electrons are tightly bound.

所以那意味着这些电子是被紧紧地束缚着的。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

This is partly explained because the bigger an atom is, the more weakly its outer electrons are bound to it (and hence the further those electrons are from the nucleus).

ECONOMIST: Einstein and car batteries

In this compound, the tightly bound orbitals act like wells into which free electrons can fall, allowing the material to capture them more easily.

ECONOMIST: Einstein and car batteries