Measures of Arctic sea ice this year show its area is the second lowest on record, and its volume is the lowest.

对北极海冰的检测表明，今年海冰面积下降到记录以来倒数第二，其体积则已经减少到有记录以来最小。

youdao

Kwok said: "ice volume allows us to calculate annual ice production and gives us an inventory of the fresh water and total ice mass stored in Arctic sea ice."

Kwok称：“通过冰层的总量，我们可以计算出每年冰的产生量，并列出一份北极冰盖中所含有的淡水和冰总量的清单。”

youdao

They also look very similar to the simulations coming out of Piomas (Pan-Arctic Ice-Ocean Modelling and Assimilation System), an influential computer model that has been used to estimate Arctic sea-ice volume and which has been the basis for several predictions about when summer sea ice might disappear completely.

BBC: Cryosat spots Arctic sea-ice loss in autumn