An HIV test reveals infection status by detecting the presence or absence of antibodies to HIV in the blood.

艾滋病毒检测通过检查血液中是否存在艾滋病毒抗体，显示感染状况。

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These findings strengthen previous who recommendations for early treatment with these drugs for patients who meet treatment criteria, even in the absence of a positive confirmatory test.

这些结果对世卫组织以往提出的建议提供了有力支持，这就是即使没有确诊检验方面的阳性结果，也要利用这些药物尽早治疗那些符合治疗标准的病人。

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This includes misuse, when drugs are given for the wrong disease, usually in the absence of a diagnostic test.

还包括用药与疾病不符（通常是在缺乏实验室诊断的情况下）导致的药物误用。

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It is clear that a combination of injuries to star players, lack of adequate preparation, absence of a wider pool of Test players and too much cricket thanks to a thoughtlessly crowded cricket calendar rendered India hors de combat.

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Robert Peel famously said that the test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder.

BBC: What do we value about the police?

Harmison's absence means England will go into the third Test without five members of last summer's victorious Ashes side.

BBC: SPORT | Cricket | England | Harmison waits for injury verdict