尿路结石是最常见的泌尿外科疾病之一，男性多于女性，约3∶1。近30多年来，我国上尿路（肾、输尿管）结石发病率明显提高。
通过回顾4例患者成功治疗的体验，讨论了移植肾、输尿管尿酸结石预防及治疗的选择。
Through the experience with which 4 patients was treated successfully, we discussed the regimen of prevention and treatment for uric acid stone in transplanted kidney or ureter.
目的探讨输尿管镜取石术（URL）及微创经皮肾取石术（MPCNL）治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石的疗效及安全性。
To evaluate clinical efficacy and safety of ureteroscopic lithotripsy(URL) and minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy(MPCNL) in the treatment of complex proximal ureteral calculi.
目的探讨无管化微造瘘经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾和输尿管上段结石的疗效及安全性，评估无管化微创手术的优势。
Objective to explore and evaluate the efficacy and safety of tubeless mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy (mini-PNL) in the treatment of renal or upper ureteral calculi.
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