所有与渲染管线状态相关的操作有：着色器，顶点布局，混合模式，渲染目标格式等。这些操作可在渲染之前甚至在最初创建及验证。

Everything that is related to rendering pipeline state: shaders, vertex layout, blending modes, render target formats, etc. can be created and validated before rendering even starts.

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随着可编程图形硬件时代的到来，着色器替代了传统的固定渲染管线以实现更加逼真的图像效果。

With the era of programmable graphics hardware, shader replaces the traditional fixed rendering pipeline to achieve more realistic effects.

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